California Supreme Court · 2022
People v. Tacardon
A spotlight used for illumination does not by itself seize anyone — but overheads, blocking the car, drawn weapons, or commands can tip the whole picture into a detention needing reasonable suspicion.
14 Cal.5th 235 (2022)
Find the opinion for People v. TacardonCalifornia Supreme Court · 2015
People v. Brown
Pulling in behind a parked car and turning on your overhead emergency lights will usually detain the driver. It did here, because nothing suggested you were there to help rather than to investigate. The court refused a bright-line rule, so all the circumstances count. Have reasonable suspicion before you light up.
61 Cal.4th 968 (2015)
Find the opinion for People v. BrownCalifornia Supreme Court · 2008
People v. Zamudio
A man asked to the station as a potential witness was not detained when he handed over his shoes, so his consent was valid. He rode with family, was never cuffed or frisked, was told he was not under arrest or in custody, and was questioned briefly without accusations. Officers need not say he can refuse; the totality decides.
43 Cal. 4th 327 (2008)
Find the opinion for People v. ZamudioEach summary was checked against the court’s majority opinion on September 30, 2026. Read the decision and follow your agency’s policy; this is reference guidance, not legal advice.